棉花目標價格改革宣傳提綱
作者：百檢網 時間：2021-12-15 來源：互聯網
?按照中央1號文件要求和國務院部署，2014年啟動新疆棉花、東北和內蒙古大豆目標價格補貼試點。經國務院批準，國家發展改革委會同財政部、農業部于4月 5日和5月17日先后向社會公布了2014年棉花、大豆目標價格水平，棉花每噸152 0173 3840元，大豆每噸4800元。為做好宣傳解釋工作，確保目標價格改革 試點順利推進，特制定本宣傳提綱，供各有關單位參考。
????一、棉花目標價格改革試點的主要內容是什么？
????目標價格政策是在市場形成農產品價格的基礎上，釋放價格信號引導市場預期，通過差價補貼保護生產者利益的一項農業支持政策。目標價格改革 試點的主要內容：一是在全國范圍內取消棉花臨時收儲政策。政府不干預市場價格，價格由市場決定，生產者按市場價格出售棉花。二是對新疆棉花實行目標價格補 貼。種植前公布棉花目標價格。當市場價格低于目標價格時，國家根據目標價格與市場價格的差價對試點地區生產者給予補貼；當市場價格高于目標價格時，不發放 補貼。三是完善補貼方式，目標價格補貼額與種植面積、產量或銷售量掛鉤。
????二、為什么要開展目標價格改革試點？
???? 改革開放以來，我國堅持推進農產品市場化改革，陸續放開了大部分農產品價格，2004年全面放開了糧食市場和價格。放開農產品價格后，為保護農民利益，穩 定農業生產，2004年以來，國家對主產區稻谷、小麥實行*低收購價政策，2007年以來，先后對主產區玉米、大豆、油菜籽、棉花、食糖等實行臨時收儲政 策。當主產區市場價格低于*低收購價格或臨時收儲價格時，由國家指定企業直接入市收購，引導市場價格回升。
????*低收購價和臨時收儲政策實施以來，國內糧食價格穩步上升，棉花、油料、食糖價格總體高位運行，有效地調動了農民種植積*性，保持了主要 農產品生產基本穩定，糧食產量實現“十連增”，農民收入實現平穩較快增長，為穩定物價總水平、保持國民經濟持續較快發展起到了重要支撐作用。
????*低收購價和臨時收儲政策將國家對農民的補貼包含在價格之中，是一種“價補合一”的直接價格支持政策。這種政策能夠有效實施的前提條件是 國內市場價格低于國際市場價格。近兩年來，一方面，國際市場農產品價格大幅走低；另一方面，國內主要農產品價格在*低收購價和臨時收儲政策的支撐下高位運 行，國內價格由以往低于國際市場轉為高于進口成本。由于上述前提條件的變化，實施直接價格支持政策面臨新的困難和挑戰，特別是產業鏈長、受國際市場影響大 的棉花矛盾突出。2013年，我國棉花臨時收儲價格為每噸20400元，而進口完稅成本分別約為每噸15580元，比國內臨時收儲價格分別低4420元。 由于國內價格大幅高于進口成本，市場主體不愿入市收購，國家收儲壓力急劇增加，棉花收儲量超過總產量的90%，上下游價格關系扭曲，市場活力減弱，不利于 整個產業鏈的持續健康發展。
????開展目標價格改革試點，探索推進農產品價格形成機制與政府補貼脫鉤的改革，目的就是在保障農民利益的前提下充分發揮市場在資源配置中的決 定性作用，將價格形成交由市場決定，以促進產業上下游協調發展。一是政府不干預市場價格，企業按市場價格收購，有利于恢復國內產業的市場活力，提高國內農 產品的市場競爭力。二是將政府對生產者的補貼方式由包含在價格中的“暗補”變為直接支付的“明補”，讓生產者明明白白得到政府補貼，這有利于減少中間環 節，提高補貼效率。三是充分發揮市場調節生產結構的作用，有利于使效率高、競爭力強的生產者脫穎而出，提高農業生產組織化、規模化程度，激勵農業技術進 步，控制生產成本。
????當然，開展目標價格試點也會對一些企業帶來挑戰。如臨時收儲期間，軋花廠收購加工的棉花可以直接賣給國家，旱澇保收，不需要承擔市場風險，但在新的形勢下，這些企業需要直接面向市場，自行尋找下游用戶并承擔市場價格波動風險，但這也是市場經濟條件下的正常情況。
????三、目標價格是如何確定的？
????試點階段采取生產成本加基本收益的方法確定目標價格水平。之所以采用這一方法，是在立足當前農業生產實際的基礎上，統籌兼顧保護農民利益 和更多發揮市場作用等因素確定的。一是可以更好地保護農民利益。生產成本加基本收益的方法，可以較好地適應現階段我國農產品生產成本剛性上升的實際情況。 無論市場價格和生產成本如何變動，都可以保障農民種植不虧本、有收益，防止生產大幅滑坡。二是有利于發揮市場機制作用。市場活動天然有風險。農民是市場經 濟的主體，在通過市場獲得收益的同時，必然也要承擔市場波動的風險。在大多數行業，市場風險都是由市場主體全部承擔的，考慮到農業生產的特殊性，國家應該 對少數重要農產品生產給予適當保護，但也不能由國家承擔全部市場風險。因此，目標價格只保證農民獲得基本收益而不是全部收益，當市場價格下跌時，農民也要 承擔部分收益下降風險，真正發揮市場機制作用，引導農民合理調整種植結構，提高農業生產競爭力和抗風險能力。
????四、目標價格什么時候公布？各地區價格是否一致？
????試點階段目標價格每年確定一次，以便根據試點情況變化及時調整。目標價格在作物播種前公布，以向農民和市場發出明確信號，引導農民合理種植，安排農業生產。試點地區同一品種目標價格水平都是一致的，新疆全區實行統一的棉花目標價格，東北三省和內蒙古實行統一的大豆目標價格。
????五、如何監測和確定棉花市場價格？
????當市場價格低于目標價格時，國家啟動目標價格補貼。與目標價格對應的棉花、大豆市場價格為采價期內全省（區）平均市場價格。
????1、采價環節。采集到廠（庫）價格作為市場價格，即棉花采集軋花廠收購籽棉的價格。之所以不采集地頭價格作為市場價格，主要是由于農民在地頭直接出售的農產品，水分、雜質含量差異較大，難以找到代表品，所采集的價格懸殊較大，難以保證價格數據的代表性和準確性。
????2、價格指標。棉花市場價格為軋花廠收購的籽棉折皮棉價格。有關部門根據監測的籽棉價格、棉籽價格、衣分率等指標，按以下公式計算籽棉折皮棉價格：
????籽棉折皮棉價格=[籽棉價格—棉籽價格×（1—衣分率）]/衣分率+加工費用
????衣分率是指軋出的皮棉重量占籽棉重量的比例，即籽棉產皮棉率。
????3、采價期。采價期為農產品的集中上市期，其中棉花為當年的9月至11月。根據歷史經驗，在實施臨時收儲前，采價期棉花的交售量達到全年交售量的85%左右，基本能夠代表試點地區的實際出售價格。
????4、核定方法。市場價格由國家發展改革委會同農業部、糧食局、供銷總社等部門共同監測，按省核定，一省一價，即市場價格按監測的全省（區）平均價格水平核定，不是指單個農戶的實際出售價格。
????六、目標價格補貼發給誰？如何發放？
????目標價格補貼對象是試點地區種植者，總的原則是多種多補，少種少補，不種不補。
????目標價格補貼發放分兩步進行，一是采價期結束后，如果市場價格低于目標價格，中央財政按照目標價格與市場價格的差價和國家統計局統計的產 量，核定對每個試點省（區）的補貼總額，并將補貼額一次性撥付到試點地區。二是試點省區根據實際情況制定具體補貼辦法，負責將中央撥付的補貼資金及時、足 額發放到種植者手中。
????由于與目標價格對應的市場價格是一個平均價格，所以農民領到的補貼也是按照目標價格與市場平均價格的差額計算的。如果農民賣出的價格高于市場平均價格，實際得到的收入就會多一些。因此，農民要盡可能提高農產品品質，并努力把握市場節奏，爭取將產品賣個好價錢。
????七、目標價格補貼與現行農業補貼的區別
????主要區別有兩點：一是現有涉農補貼大多按照計稅面積發放，與是否種植和種植何種農作物不掛鉤，是普惠制補貼；目標價格補貼要與作物實際種 植面積或產量、銷售量掛鉤，多種多補，不種不補。二是現有補貼相對固定，只增不減，年年發補貼；目標價格補貼要與市場價格掛鉤，只有當市場價格低于目標價 格時才發補貼；低的越多，補貼越多。
Central Document No. 1 in accordance with the requirements of the State Council to deploy, 2014 start of Xinjiang cotton, soybean Northeast and Inner Mongolia target price subsidies pilot. The approval of the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Agriculture in April 5 and May 17 has announced to the public the 2014 cotton, soybean target price level, 19,800 yuan per ton of cotton, soybean 4800 yuan per ton. Explanation for doing propaganda work to ensure the smooth progress of reform target price is formulated propaganda outline for the relevant units of reference.
???? First, what is the main content of the cotton target price reform is?
???? Policy-based target price formation in the market prices of agricultural products, the release of price signals to guide market expectations, by the difference of a subsidy to protect the interests of producers of agricultural support policies. The main contents of the target price reform: First, cancel the temporary storage of cotton policies in the country. The government does not intervene in the market price, the price determined by the market, producers sell at market price of cotton. Second, the implementation of target prices on cotton subsidies. Announced before planting cotton target price. When the market price is below the target price, the state according to the target price and the market price of the difference of the pilot areas producer subsidies; when the market price is higher than the target price, without subsidies. The third is to improve the way of subsidies, target price subsidy and acreage, production or sales hook.
???? Second, why should carry out target price reform?
????? Since the reform and opening up, China persist in promoting market-oriented reform of agricultural products, have liberalized most prices of agricultural products, in 2004 the full liberalization of the grain market and prices. After the liberalization of prices of agricultural products, in order to protect the interests of farmers, stable agricultural production, since 2004, the state implemented the policy of the main producing areas of the minimum purchase price of rice, wheat, since 2007, has the main producing areas of corn, soybeans, rapeseed, cotton , sugar, etc. to implement temporary storage policies. When the main producing areas of the market price falls below the minimum purchase price or temporary storage prices specified by the acquisition of state-owned enterprises into the market directly, and guide the market prices.
???? Since the minimum purchase price and the temporary storage of policy implementation, domestic food prices rose steadily, cotton, oilseeds, sugar prices overall high, effectively mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers to plant and maintain the basic stability of the major agricultural production, food production to achieve "even by ten "farmers' income to achieve steady and rapid growth, to stabilize the general price level, maintain sustained and rapid economic development has played an important supporting role.
???? Minimum purchase price and the temporary storage policy will state subsidies to farmers being included in the price, is a "price fill one" direct price support policies. Prerequisite for the effective implementation of this policy can be the domestic market price is lower than the international market price. The past two years, on the one hand, the international market prices of agricultural products sharply lower; on the other hand, the major domestic agricultural support prices high in the minimum purchase price and temporary storage policy, the domestic price is lower than the international market from the past into higher import costs. Due to variation of the above prerequisites, implementation direct price support policy is facing new difficulties and challenges, especially long industrial chain, affected by the international market, a large cotton contradiction. 2013, China's temporary storage of cotton price 20,400 yuan per ton, while the import duty costs about 15,580 yuan per ton, respectively, were lower than the domestic price of 4420 yuan temporary storage. Because domestic prices substantially higher than the cost of imports, market players do not want the market to acquire a sharp increase in state purchasing and storage pressure, closing reserves of more than 90% of cotton production, the relationship between the upstream and downstream price distortions, market activity weakened, is not conducive to sustained the whole industry chain healthy development.
???? Carry out target price reform, to explore and promote the agricultural price formation mechanism reform decoupled government subsidies, the purpose is to protect the interests of farmers in the context of the full play the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and will form the mercy of the market price in order to promote industry coordinated development of upstream and downstream. First, the government does not intervene in the market price, the companies acquired at market prices, help restore market viability of the domestic industry, improve market competitiveness of domestic agricultural products. Second, the government subsidies by producers included in the price of the "hidden subsidies" to direct payments "fill out" so plainly producers receive government subsidies, which helps to reduce intermediate links, to improve the efficiency of subsidies. Third, give full play to the role of market regulation production structure is conducive to the high-efficiency, and strong competitive producers to stand out, to increase agricultural production organization, scale and degree of motivation technological advances in agriculture, control production costs.
???? Of course, the pilot will carry out target prices for some business challenges. During such as temporary storage, acquisition and processing of cotton ginning factories can be sold directly to countries Hanlaobaoshou, no bear market risk, but under the new situation, these companies need to directly market-oriented, self-Looking downstream users and bear market price fluctuations risk, but this is under normal circumstances a market economy conditions.
???? Third, the target price is determined?
???? The pilot phase to take the cost of production plus a basic income method to determine the target price level. The reason for using this method is based on the current agricultural production on the basis of practical, balanced to protect the interests of farmers and the role of the market and other factors play a more determined. One can better protect the interests of farmers. Basic earnings plus the cost of production methods, can better adapt to the actual situation of China's agricultural production costs increase rigidity stage. Regardless of changes in market prices and production costs, you can protect farmers do not lose money, there are benefits and prevent the production plummeting. Second, it helps to play the role of market mechanisms. Market activity of natural risks. Farmers are the mainstay of the market economy, while obtaining benefits through the market, must also bear the risk of market fluctuations. In most industries, the market risk is borne entirely by the market players, taking into account the special nature of agricultural production, the state should be given to a small number of important agricultural produce adequate protection, but they can not bear all the market risk by the state. Therefore, the target price is only guaranteed basic income for farmers, but not all gains when the market prices fall, farmers have to bear part of the risk of earnings decline, the real role of market mechanisms to guide farmers to reasonably adjust planting structure and improve the competitiveness of agricultural production and anti-risks.
???? Fourth, the target price when released? Whether regional price consistent?
???? The pilot phase target price is determined once a year, according to the pilot in order to adjust to changing circumstances. Target price announced before the sowing of crops, in order to send a clear signal to farmers and markets, reasonable guide farmers planting, arrange agricultural production. The same species, target price level pilot regions are the same, unified region of Xinjiang cotton target price, the three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia unified soybean target price.
???? Five, how to monitor and determine the market price of cotton?
???? When the market price is below the target price, the state started target price subsidies. Corresponding to the target price of cotton, soybean prices during the market price for mining province (region) the average market price.
???? 1, mining price link. Collected to the plant (the library) price as the market price, that the acquisition of seed cotton ginning factories acquisition price. Why not collect headland price as the market price, the difference is mainly due to farmers in agricultural products, water, impurity content sold directly to large headland, it is difficult to find the representative products, the acquisition price gap is large, it is difficult to ensure that a representative price data and accuracy.
???? 2, the price index. Market price for cotton ginning factories acquisition price of seed cotton lint off. According to the monitoring authorities of seed cotton prices, cotton prices, lint and other indicators, according to the following formula to calculate the price of seed cotton lint off:
???? Seed cotton lint off price = [seed cotton prices - cottonseed price × (1- lint percentage rate)] / lint rate + processing costs
???? Lint percentage rate refers to rolling out the weight of seed cotton lint weight proportion accounted for, namely seed cotton lint production rate.
???? 3, mining price period. Mining period is concentrated market price of agricultural products, including cotton for the year in September to November. Based on historical experience, before the implementation of temporary storage, the amount of recoverable sell price of cotton has reached about 85% of the annual amount of sell, basically represent the actual sale price of the pilot areas.
???? 4, the approved methods. Market prices by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Authority, Gongxiaozongshe other departments jointly monitor approved by province, a province of a price, that the market price by province (region) approved the average price level of monitoring, does not refer to a single farmers actual selling price.
???? Six, target price subsidies distributed to who? How to deliver?
???? Target price subsidies targeted pilot area growers, the general principle is more than make up, make up less and less kind, not kind of do not fill.
???? Target price subsidies paid in two steps, the first is the end of the mining price period, if the market price is lower than the target price, the central government in accordance with the target price and the market price difference and the National Bureau of Statistics of production, the province approved for each pilot (area) of the total amount of subsidies, and the amount of subsidies allocated to one-time pilot areas. Second, the pilot provinces to develop specific subsidies according to the actual situation, is responsible for the central subsidy funds allocated timely and full payment to growers hands.
???? As with the target price corresponds to the market price is an average price, so farmers receive subsidies is in accordance with the difference between the target price and the average market price calculated. If farmers sell price is higher than the average market price, revenue will actually get some more. Therefore, the farmers want to maximize the quality of agricultural products, and strive to grasp the rhythm of the market, for the product better price.
???? Seven, the difference between the target price subsidies and existing agricultural subsidies
???? The main difference between the two points: First, most of the existing agricultural subsidies paid in accordance with the tax area, and whether the planting and cultivation of crops is not linked to what is GSP subsidies; target price subsidy to the actual crop acreage or production, sales amount linked to a variety of multi-up, no kind of do not fill. Second, the existing subsidies is relatively fixed, only to rise, mid-fat subsidies; target price subsidies should be linked to market prices, only when the market price is lower than the target price issued subsidies; lower, the more the more subsidies.
????一、棉花目標價格改革試點的主要內容是什么？
????目標價格政策是在市場形成農產品價格的基礎上，釋放價格信號引導市場預期，通過差價補貼保護生產者利益的一項農業支持政策。目標價格改革 試點的主要內容：一是在全國范圍內取消棉花臨時收儲政策。政府不干預市場價格，價格由市場決定，生產者按市場價格出售棉花。二是對新疆棉花實行目標價格補 貼。種植前公布棉花目標價格。當市場價格低于目標價格時，國家根據目標價格與市場價格的差價對試點地區生產者給予補貼；當市場價格高于目標價格時，不發放 補貼。三是完善補貼方式，目標價格補貼額與種植面積、產量或銷售量掛鉤。
????二、為什么要開展目標價格改革試點？
???? 改革開放以來，我國堅持推進農產品市場化改革，陸續放開了大部分農產品價格，2004年全面放開了糧食市場和價格。放開農產品價格后，為保護農民利益，穩 定農業生產，2004年以來，國家對主產區稻谷、小麥實行*低收購價政策，2007年以來，先后對主產區玉米、大豆、油菜籽、棉花、食糖等實行臨時收儲政 策。當主產區市場價格低于*低收購價格或臨時收儲價格時，由國家指定企業直接入市收購，引導市場價格回升。
????*低收購價和臨時收儲政策實施以來，國內糧食價格穩步上升，棉花、油料、食糖價格總體高位運行，有效地調動了農民種植積*性，保持了主要 農產品生產基本穩定，糧食產量實現“十連增”，農民收入實現平穩較快增長，為穩定物價總水平、保持國民經濟持續較快發展起到了重要支撐作用。
????*低收購價和臨時收儲政策將國家對農民的補貼包含在價格之中，是一種“價補合一”的直接價格支持政策。這種政策能夠有效實施的前提條件是 國內市場價格低于國際市場價格。近兩年來，一方面，國際市場農產品價格大幅走低；另一方面，國內主要農產品價格在*低收購價和臨時收儲政策的支撐下高位運 行，國內價格由以往低于國際市場轉為高于進口成本。由于上述前提條件的變化，實施直接價格支持政策面臨新的困難和挑戰，特別是產業鏈長、受國際市場影響大 的棉花矛盾突出。2013年，我國棉花臨時收儲價格為每噸20400元，而進口完稅成本分別約為每噸15580元，比國內臨時收儲價格分別低4420元。 由于國內價格大幅高于進口成本，市場主體不愿入市收購，國家收儲壓力急劇增加，棉花收儲量超過總產量的90%，上下游價格關系扭曲，市場活力減弱，不利于 整個產業鏈的持續健康發展。
????開展目標價格改革試點，探索推進農產品價格形成機制與政府補貼脫鉤的改革，目的就是在保障農民利益的前提下充分發揮市場在資源配置中的決 定性作用，將價格形成交由市場決定，以促進產業上下游協調發展。一是政府不干預市場價格，企業按市場價格收購，有利于恢復國內產業的市場活力，提高國內農 產品的市場競爭力。二是將政府對生產者的補貼方式由包含在價格中的“暗補”變為直接支付的“明補”，讓生產者明明白白得到政府補貼，這有利于減少中間環 節，提高補貼效率。三是充分發揮市場調節生產結構的作用，有利于使效率高、競爭力強的生產者脫穎而出，提高農業生產組織化、規模化程度，激勵農業技術進 步，控制生產成本。
????當然，開展目標價格試點也會對一些企業帶來挑戰。如臨時收儲期間，軋花廠收購加工的棉花可以直接賣給國家，旱澇保收，不需要承擔市場風險，但在新的形勢下，這些企業需要直接面向市場，自行尋找下游用戶并承擔市場價格波動風險，但這也是市場經濟條件下的正常情況。
????三、目標價格是如何確定的？
????試點階段采取生產成本加基本收益的方法確定目標價格水平。之所以采用這一方法，是在立足當前農業生產實際的基礎上，統籌兼顧保護農民利益 和更多發揮市場作用等因素確定的。一是可以更好地保護農民利益。生產成本加基本收益的方法，可以較好地適應現階段我國農產品生產成本剛性上升的實際情況。 無論市場價格和生產成本如何變動，都可以保障農民種植不虧本、有收益，防止生產大幅滑坡。二是有利于發揮市場機制作用。市場活動天然有風險。農民是市場經 濟的主體，在通過市場獲得收益的同時，必然也要承擔市場波動的風險。在大多數行業，市場風險都是由市場主體全部承擔的，考慮到農業生產的特殊性，國家應該 對少數重要農產品生產給予適當保護，但也不能由國家承擔全部市場風險。因此，目標價格只保證農民獲得基本收益而不是全部收益，當市場價格下跌時，農民也要 承擔部分收益下降風險，真正發揮市場機制作用，引導農民合理調整種植結構，提高農業生產競爭力和抗風險能力。
????四、目標價格什么時候公布？各地區價格是否一致？
????試點階段目標價格每年確定一次，以便根據試點情況變化及時調整。目標價格在作物播種前公布，以向農民和市場發出明確信號，引導農民合理種植，安排農業生產。試點地區同一品種目標價格水平都是一致的，新疆全區實行統一的棉花目標價格，東北三省和內蒙古實行統一的大豆目標價格。
????五、如何監測和確定棉花市場價格？
????當市場價格低于目標價格時，國家啟動目標價格補貼。與目標價格對應的棉花、大豆市場價格為采價期內全省（區）平均市場價格。
????1、采價環節。采集到廠（庫）價格作為市場價格，即棉花采集軋花廠收購
????2、價格指標。棉花市場價格為軋花廠收購的籽棉折
????籽棉折皮棉價格=[籽棉價格—棉籽價格×（1—衣分率）]/衣分率+加工費用
????衣分率是指軋出的皮棉重量占籽棉重量的比例，即籽棉產皮棉率。
????3、采價期。采價期為農產品的集中上市期，其中棉花為當年的9月至11月。根據歷史經驗，在實施臨時收儲前，采價
????4、核定方法。市場價格由國家發展改革委會同農業部、糧食局、供銷總社等部門共同監測，按省核定，一省一價，即市場價格按監測的全省（區）平均價格水平核定，不是指單個農戶的實際出售價格。
????六、目標價格補貼發給誰？如何發放？
????目標價格補貼對象是試點地區種植者，總的原則是多種多補，少種少補，不種不補。
????目標價格補貼發放分兩步進行，一是采價期結束后，如果市場價格低于目標價格，中央財政按照目標價格與市場價格的差價和國家統計局統計的產 量，核定對每個試點省（區）的補貼總額，并將補貼額一次性撥付到試點地區。二是試點省區根據實際情況制定具體補貼辦法，負責將中央撥付的補貼資金及時、足 額發放到種植者手中。
????由于與目標價格對應的市場價格是一個平均價格，所以農民領到的補貼也是按照目標價格與市場平均價格的差額計算的。如果農民賣出的價格高于市場平均價格，實際得到的收入就會多一些。因此，農民要盡可能提高農產品品質，并努力把握市場節奏，爭取將產品賣個好價錢。
????七、目標價格補貼與現行農業補貼的區別
????主要區別有兩點：一是現有涉農補貼大多按照計稅面積發放，與是否種植和種植何種農作物不掛鉤，是普惠制補貼；目標價格補貼要與作物實際種 植面積或產量、銷售量掛鉤，多種多補，不種不補。二是現有補貼相對固定，只增不減，年年發補貼；目標價格補貼要與市場價格掛鉤，只有當市場價格低于目標價 格時才發補貼；低的越多，補貼越多。
Central Document No. 1 in accordance with the requirements of the State Council to deploy, 2014 start of Xinjiang cotton, soybean Northeast and Inner Mongolia target price subsidies pilot. The approval of the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Agriculture in April 5 and May 17 has announced to the public the 2014 cotton, soybean target price level, 19,800 yuan per ton of cotton, soybean 4800 yuan per ton. Explanation for doing propaganda work to ensure the smooth progress of reform target price is formulated propaganda outline for the relevant units of reference.
???? First, what is the main content of the cotton target price reform is?
???? Policy-based target price formation in the market prices of agricultural products, the release of price signals to guide market expectations, by the difference of a subsidy to protect the interests of producers of agricultural support policies. The main contents of the target price reform: First, cancel the temporary storage of cotton policies in the country. The government does not intervene in the market price, the price determined by the market, producers sell at market price of cotton. Second, the implementation of target prices on cotton subsidies. Announced before planting cotton target price. When the market price is below the target price, the state according to the target price and the market price of the difference of the pilot areas producer subsidies; when the market price is higher than the target price, without subsidies. The third is to improve the way of subsidies, target price subsidy and acreage, production or sales hook.
???? Second, why should carry out target price reform?
????? Since the reform and opening up, China persist in promoting market-oriented reform of agricultural products, have liberalized most prices of agricultural products, in 2004 the full liberalization of the grain market and prices. After the liberalization of prices of agricultural products, in order to protect the interests of farmers, stable agricultural production, since 2004, the state implemented the policy of the main producing areas of the minimum purchase price of rice, wheat, since 2007, has the main producing areas of corn, soybeans, rapeseed, cotton , sugar, etc. to implement temporary storage policies. When the main producing areas of the market price falls below the minimum purchase price or temporary storage prices specified by the acquisition of state-owned enterprises into the market directly, and guide the market prices.
???? Since the minimum purchase price and the temporary storage of policy implementation, domestic food prices rose steadily, cotton, oilseeds, sugar prices overall high, effectively mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers to plant and maintain the basic stability of the major agricultural production, food production to achieve "even by ten "farmers' income to achieve steady and rapid growth, to stabilize the general price level, maintain sustained and rapid economic development has played an important supporting role.
???? Minimum purchase price and the temporary storage policy will state subsidies to farmers being included in the price, is a "price fill one" direct price support policies. Prerequisite for the effective implementation of this policy can be the domestic market price is lower than the international market price. The past two years, on the one hand, the international market prices of agricultural products sharply lower; on the other hand, the major domestic agricultural support prices high in the minimum purchase price and temporary storage policy, the domestic price is lower than the international market from the past into higher import costs. Due to variation of the above prerequisites, implementation direct price support policy is facing new difficulties and challenges, especially long industrial chain, affected by the international market, a large cotton contradiction. 2013, China's temporary storage of cotton price 20,400 yuan per ton, while the import duty costs about 15,580 yuan per ton, respectively, were lower than the domestic price of 4420 yuan temporary storage. Because domestic prices substantially higher than the cost of imports, market players do not want the market to acquire a sharp increase in state purchasing and storage pressure, closing reserves of more than 90% of cotton production, the relationship between the upstream and downstream price distortions, market activity weakened, is not conducive to sustained the whole industry chain healthy development.
???? Carry out target price reform, to explore and promote the agricultural price formation mechanism reform decoupled government subsidies, the purpose is to protect the interests of farmers in the context of the full play the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and will form the mercy of the market price in order to promote industry coordinated development of upstream and downstream. First, the government does not intervene in the market price, the companies acquired at market prices, help restore market viability of the domestic industry, improve market competitiveness of domestic agricultural products. Second, the government subsidies by producers included in the price of the "hidden subsidies" to direct payments "fill out" so plainly producers receive government subsidies, which helps to reduce intermediate links, to improve the efficiency of subsidies. Third, give full play to the role of market regulation production structure is conducive to the high-efficiency, and strong competitive producers to stand out, to increase agricultural production organization, scale and degree of motivation technological advances in agriculture, control production costs.
???? Of course, the pilot will carry out target prices for some business challenges. During such as temporary storage, acquisition and processing of cotton ginning factories can be sold directly to countries Hanlaobaoshou, no bear market risk, but under the new situation, these companies need to directly market-oriented, self-Looking downstream users and bear market price fluctuations risk, but this is under normal circumstances a market economy conditions.
???? Third, the target price is determined?
???? The pilot phase to take the cost of production plus a basic income method to determine the target price level. The reason for using this method is based on the current agricultural production on the basis of practical, balanced to protect the interests of farmers and the role of the market and other factors play a more determined. One can better protect the interests of farmers. Basic earnings plus the cost of production methods, can better adapt to the actual situation of China's agricultural production costs increase rigidity stage. Regardless of changes in market prices and production costs, you can protect farmers do not lose money, there are benefits and prevent the production plummeting. Second, it helps to play the role of market mechanisms. Market activity of natural risks. Farmers are the mainstay of the market economy, while obtaining benefits through the market, must also bear the risk of market fluctuations. In most industries, the market risk is borne entirely by the market players, taking into account the special nature of agricultural production, the state should be given to a small number of important agricultural produce adequate protection, but they can not bear all the market risk by the state. Therefore, the target price is only guaranteed basic income for farmers, but not all gains when the market prices fall, farmers have to bear part of the risk of earnings decline, the real role of market mechanisms to guide farmers to reasonably adjust planting structure and improve the competitiveness of agricultural production and anti-risks.
???? Fourth, the target price when released? Whether regional price consistent?
???? The pilot phase target price is determined once a year, according to the pilot in order to adjust to changing circumstances. Target price announced before the sowing of crops, in order to send a clear signal to farmers and markets, reasonable guide farmers planting, arrange agricultural production. The same species, target price level pilot regions are the same, unified region of Xinjiang cotton target price, the three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia unified soybean target price.
???? Five, how to monitor and determine the market price of cotton?
???? When the market price is below the target price, the state started target price subsidies. Corresponding to the target price of cotton, soybean prices during the market price for mining province (region) the average market price.
???? 1, mining price link. Collected to the plant (the library) price as the market price, that the acquisition of seed cotton ginning factories acquisition price. Why not collect headland price as the market price, the difference is mainly due to farmers in agricultural products, water, impurity content sold directly to large headland, it is difficult to find the representative products, the acquisition price gap is large, it is difficult to ensure that a representative price data and accuracy.
???? 2, the price index. Market price for cotton ginning factories acquisition price of seed cotton lint off. According to the monitoring authorities of seed cotton prices, cotton prices, lint and other indicators, according to the following formula to calculate the price of seed cotton lint off:
???? Seed cotton lint off price = [seed cotton prices - cottonseed price × (1- lint percentage rate)] / lint rate + processing costs
???? Lint percentage rate refers to rolling out the weight of seed cotton lint weight proportion accounted for, namely seed cotton lint production rate.
???? 3, mining price period. Mining period is concentrated market price of agricultural products, including cotton for the year in September to November. Based on historical experience, before the implementation of temporary storage, the amount of recoverable sell price of cotton has reached about 85% of the annual amount of sell, basically represent the actual sale price of the pilot areas.
???? 4, the approved methods. Market prices by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Authority, Gongxiaozongshe other departments jointly monitor approved by province, a province of a price, that the market price by province (region) approved the average price level of monitoring, does not refer to a single farmers actual selling price.
???? Six, target price subsidies distributed to who? How to deliver?
???? Target price subsidies targeted pilot area growers, the general principle is more than make up, make up less and less kind, not kind of do not fill.
???? Target price subsidies paid in two steps, the first is the end of the mining price period, if the market price is lower than the target price, the central government in accordance with the target price and the market price difference and the National Bureau of Statistics of production, the province approved for each pilot (area) of the total amount of subsidies, and the amount of subsidies allocated to one-time pilot areas. Second, the pilot provinces to develop specific subsidies according to the actual situation, is responsible for the central subsidy funds allocated timely and full payment to growers hands.
???? As with the target price corresponds to the market price is an average price, so farmers receive subsidies is in accordance with the difference between the target price and the average market price calculated. If farmers sell price is higher than the average market price, revenue will actually get some more. Therefore, the farmers want to maximize the quality of agricultural products, and strive to grasp the rhythm of the market, for the product better price.
???? Seven, the difference between the target price subsidies and existing agricultural subsidies
???? The main difference between the two points: First, most of the existing agricultural subsidies paid in accordance with the tax area, and whether the planting and cultivation of crops is not linked to what is GSP subsidies; target price subsidy to the actual crop acreage or production, sales amount linked to a variety of multi-up, no kind of do not fill. Second, the existing subsidies is relatively fixed, only to rise, mid-fat subsidies; target price subsidies should be linked to market prices, only when the market price is lower than the target price issued subsidies; lower, the more the more subsidies.
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